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Engineering

The Adventures of Rendezvous in Heroku’s New Architecture

This article was originally authored by Srinath Ananthakrishnan, an engineer on the Heroku Runtime Networking Team

Summary

This following story outlines a recent issue we saw with migrating one of our internal systems over to a new EC2 substrate and in the process breaking one of our customer’s use cases. We also outline how we went about discovering the root of the issue, how we fixed it, and how we enjoyed solving a complex problem …

Building a Monorepo with Yarn 2

In true JavaScript fashion, there was no shortage of releases in the JavaScript ecosystem this year. This includes the Yarn project’s release of Yarn 2 with a compressed cache of JavaScript dependencies, including a Yarn binary to reference, that can be used for a zero-install deployment.

Yarn is a package manager that also provides developers a project management toolset. Now, Yarn 2 is now officially supported by Heroku, and Heroku developers are able to take …

Extend Flows with Heroku Compute: An Event-Driven Pattern

This post previously appeared on the Salesforce Architects blog.

Event-driven application architectures have proven to be effective for implementing enterprise solutions using loosely coupled services that interact by exchanging asynchronous events. Salesforce enables event-driven architectures (EDAs) with Platform Events and Change Data Capture (CDC) events as well as triggers and Apex callouts, which makes the Salesforce Platform a great way to build all of your digital customer experiences. This post is the first in …

How I Broke `git push heroku main`

Incidents are inevitable. Any platform, large or small will have them. While resiliency work will definitely be an important factor in reducing the number of incidents, hoping to remove all of them (and therefore reach 100% uptime) is not an achievable goal.

We should, however, learn as much as we can from incidents, so we can avoid repeating them.

In this post, we will look at one of those incidents, #2105, see how it happened (spoiler: I messed up), and what we’re doing to avoid it from happening again (spoiler: I’m not fired).

The Life-Changing Magic of Tidying Ruby Object Allocations

Your app is slow. It does not spark joy. This post will use memory allocation profiling tools to discover performance hotspots, even when they're coming from inside a library. We will use this technique with a real-world application to identify a piece of optimizable code in Active Record that ultimately leads to a patch with a substantial impact on page speed.

In addition to the talk, I've gone back and written a full technical recap …

Let’s Debug a Node.js Application

There are always challenges when it comes to debugging applications. Node.js’ asynchronous workflows add an extra layer of complexity to this arduous process. Although there have been some updates made to the V8 engine in order to easily access asynchronous stack traces, most of the time, we just get errors on the main thread of our applications, which makes debugging a little bit difficult. As well, when our Node.js applications crash, we usually need to rely on some complicated CLI tooling to analyze the core dumps.

Ground Control to Major TOML: What Is a TOML File and Why Do Buildpacks Use TOML?

YAML files dominate configuration in the cloud-native ecosystem. They’re used by Kubernetes, Helm, Tekton, and many other projects to define custom configurations and workflows. But YAML has its oddities, which is why the Cloud Native Buildpacks project chose TOML as its primary configuration format.

What is TOML?

TOML stands for Tom’s Obvious, Minimal Language. It’s a configuration file format created to be simple, readable, and predictable. Designed for humans first and machines second, TOML avoids syntactic ambiguity and is easy to understand even at a glance.

The format uses a key-value structure and supports sections, arrays, and nested tables. Its goal is to be as clear and minimal as possible while still expressive enough for most configuration tasks. Unlike JSON, TOML allows comments. Unlike YAML, it doesn’t rely on indentation for structure, which reduces the likelihood of formatting errors.

TOML has gained adoption in modern developer tools. The Rust package manager Cargo and the Python dependency tool Poetry both use TOML. In the cloud-native ecosystem, containers and Cloud Native Buildpacks also rely on TOML for configuration.

What is a TOML file?

A TOML file is a plain text file with a .toml extension that stores structured configuration data using TOML syntax. It defines settings using simple key-value pairs, and organizes related settings using headers and tables.You can learn more about TOML from the official documentation, but a simple buildpack TOML file looks like this:

Making Time to Save You Time: How We Sped Up Time-Related Syscalls on Dynos

I work on Heroku’s Runtime Infrastructure team, which focuses on most of the underlying compute and containerization here at Heroku. Over the years, we’ve tuned our infrastructure in a number of ways to improve performance of customer dynos and harden security.

We recently received a support ticket from a customer inquiring about poor performance in two system calls (more commonly referred to as syscalls) their application was making frequently: clock_gettime(3) and gettimeofday(2).

In this …

How We Added Client Rate Throttling to the Platform API Gem

When API requests are made one-after-the-other they’ll quickly hit rate limits and when that happens:

If you provide an API client that doesn’t include rate limiting, you don’t really have an API client. You’ve got an exception generator with a remote timer.

— Richard Schneeman Stay Inside (@schneems) June 12, 2019

That tweet spawned a discussion that generated a quest to add rate throttling logic to the platform-api gem that Heroku maintains for talking to …

Building a GraphQL API in JavaScript

Over the last few years, GraphQL has emerged as a very popular API specification that focuses on making data fetching easier for clients, whether the clients are a front-end or a third-party.

In a traditional REST-based API approach, the client makes a request, and the server dictates the response:

$ curl https://api.heroku.space/users/1 { "id": 1, "name": "Luke", "email": "luke@heroku.space", "addresses": [ { "street": "1234 Rodeo Drive", "city": "Los Angeles", "country": "USA" } ] }

But, …

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